Chapter 21 Quiz:

1. Three wars broke between European powers as a result of the competition over American colonies and European dominance. These wars were: War of the Spanish Succession (1701 – 1741), War of Austrian Succession (1740 – 1748), and the Seven Years War (1756 – 1763). What was a great consequence of this wars?

2. Enlightenment, a philosophical movement in the 18^th century Europe, claimed that one could reform society by discovering the rational laws of governing social behavior. The ideas of this movement, expressed by philosophers like the french Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau or the english John Locke and Davide Hume challenged the Old political order

3. What were two agents of disseminating the ideas of the enlightenment?

4. After the Seven Years War which in the US is known as the French and Indian War and ended with the French defeat, Britain asked the colonists to pay for the army and limit:

5. When the American Revolution started, colonist did not have enough resources to organize a strong military resistance. Who came to the North American colonists’ help?

6. The French Revolution took place in many steps starting 1789. The first faze opposed the monarchy, clergy (First Estate) and nobility (Second Estate) to the rest of the people (Third Estate – bankers, commercials, intellectuals, among others). And it started with the calling of the Estates General. What was the issue?

7. The most radical faze of the French Revolution was led by Maximilien Robespierre, a young lawyer, who instituted what we call the Reign of Terror among fear of foreign attacks and internal counter revolution plots. Robespierre executed the kings (Louis XVI) set up special courts to punish the enemies of the revolution. It is estimated that:

8. After Napoleon Bonaparte seized the power and proclaimed himself emperor, France engage in a military campaign throughout Europe, succeeding at first but ultimately being defeated by a coalition of states. What do we call the political system that was inaugurated with the rise of Napoleon, that is characterized by large popular support for an authoritarian government?

9. Taking advantage of the France Revolution, unrests started in Haiti that culminated with the Haitian Revolution (1789 – 1804) and gaining independence from France. What turned the tide of the war against the French troops?

10. After Napoleon’s defeat, European powers met at Vienna to reestablish the French monarchy and borders. Austria Russia and Prussia formed an alliance to defend the old order against any future revolutions. What is the ideology that ignited other revolutionary movements in the 19^th century Europe?